Scientists play the villains on "Cosmos" |
One of the greatest misunderstandings of science today surrounds
the nature and purpose of science. Far
too many people view science as a collection of facts that can be refuted by
“facts” from religion or other scientists.
But the truth is that science is not just a collection of facts. It is a process: one that encourages,
demands, and requires questioning and honesty.
What “The Clean Room” shows us is that anti-science (that is,
anti-process and anti-questioning) opposition doesn’t come solely from the
religious, but from the political as well.
Host Neil Degrasse Tyson has received a lot of criticism
from the right (and praise from the left) for his apparent antagonism of
religion throughout Cosmos. But “The Clean Room” lays out Tyson’s view of
science perfectly and shows how it is not religion that is the problem, but the
insistence by some on using “God did it” as the ultimate answer to all
questions and to shut down further exploration.
Take, for example, last night’s discussion of James Ussher, the Anglican
archbishop who, in the middle of the seventeenth century, purported to calculate
the creation of the earth as October 23rd, 4004 BC.
While a 6,000 year-old planet has been accepted by Young
Earth Creationists as the ultimate “truth,” Tyson does not have any scorn or
resentment toward Ussher. Rather, he
seems appreciative of Ussher’s inquisitiveness.
The man wanted to answer a question and he used all of the tools
available to him at the time: the Bible and other historical texts. Tyson even compares him to early geologists
who, while more scientific in their exploration, used a similar tactic as had
Ussher. Whereas the priest counted
“begats,” the geologists counted layers of sediment. Neither was right, but being right is beside
the point. For Tyson, science isn’t
about being right; that’s just a side effect.
For Tyson, science is about process and exploration and constantly
questioning what we think we know. This
distinction is, perhaps, the single most important facet that Tyson can
highlight in Cosmos.
For far too many people, science is just a collection of
facts, and facts can be disputed and even, occasionally, refuted. So Young Earth Creationists can put their
“facts” up against science’s facts and claim that each set of facts is equally
worthy of discussion, therefore we should “teach the controversy.” Vaccination opponents can put their “facts”
up against science’s facts and claim that parents should be allowed to choose
which facts they want to believe.
Climate change deniers can use their “facts” to prevent us from taking
any measures to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
Or, as “The Clean Room” showed, corporations can hire their own
scientists to produce their own “facts” in order to claim that leaded
gasoline is not polluting the environment.
When science is portrayed this way, it is easy to refute,
but Tyson is doing a marvelous job of showing that science is not just the
destination; science is the journey. We
know that the earth is 14.5 billion years-old (give or take a few million
years) not because we “discovered” it, but because 450 years ago James Ussher,
and others like him, started asking the question. Their methods and results may have been
wrong, but their results were the starting point for others to build on.
This brings me to the other Big Idea that Tyson has been
making throughout Cosmos and which
really came into focus in “The Clean Room”: scientific discovery is not
linear. Many people think that science
works in a straightforward, linear progression, with Discovery A leading to
Discovery B leading to Discovery C and so on.
Given this interpretation, negative results are treated as
failures. In reality, science is more of
a branching tree (similar to the evolutionary Tree of Life), in which negative
results may lead to dead ends, but which can also spawn new, long-lived
branches of research.
Clair Patterson, the primary subject of “The Clean Room,”
did not set out to rid the world of lead additives; nor was he trying to
revolutionize decontamination protocols.
He just wanted to figure out how much lead there was in a few rock samples. All of the
developments that came after, while unintended, were a natural result of the
scientific process, which generally allows for the expansion of tangential
ideas. Alexander Fleming was studying staphylococcus when he discovered
penicillin. Percy Spencer was working as
a radar engineer when he discovered that microwaves could melt chocolate. Many scientific discoveries have been the
result of accidents or tangential research.
That is why a proper scientific method is so important. It doesn’t cut off discovery by saying “God
did it” or by withdrawing funding because the results of the research may be
potentially harmful.
It is this final bit that receives the bulk of Tyson’s
ire. He is willing to forgive early
religious scholars who had only ancient texts for evidence. Their ignorance is based in evidence rather
than intent. Instead, Cosmos reserves its deepest scorn for
those scientists who should know better, but who are so recalcitrant in their
beliefs that they are unwilling to accept the possibility that other scientists
could prove them wrong. The oil companies
of the 1960s could just as easily have been the sulfur dioxide producers of the
1970s, the chlorofluorocarbon manufacturers of the 1980s, the tobacco companies
of the 1990s, or the greenhouse gas producers of today. All of them are (or were) having negative
impacts on the environment and all of them denied it to their dying breaths,
often with scientific research in tow. It
is these scientists, who should understand the process but choose to ignore it
for political or financial reasons, who are the most deplorable according to
Tyson. They should be encouraging new
avenues of scientific exploration, but they instead stifle it due to
non-scientific forces.
“The Clean Room” is, by far, the best episode of Cosmos to date because it clearly states
every purpose the series has. First,
science intends to have a meaningful impact on our lives. The most esoteric research into the age of
the earth can affect day-to-day humanity, even in inadvertent ways. Second, science is meant to encourage
innovation, not to stifle it. What
hindered Ussher and the geologists who followed him was their methods, not
their ideas. New ideas should always be
encouraged even as old methods are discarded.
Finally, what most harms science is the appeal to authority. That authority can be God or it can be other scientists. But no new evidence should be beyond honest
questioning. The reason we readily
accept today that smoking causes lung disease, or that lead additives cause
health problems, or that greenhouse gasses cause global climate change is not
because we believe these things to be
true. It’s because there is a
preponderance of evidence pointing to these conclusions and no new evidence has
been effectively presented to refute them.
It is not religion that obstructs science, but an unwillingness to accept
new data that is the true enemy of science and mankind.
Tyler Williams is a
professional librarian and an amateur television critic. You can reach him at tytalkstv AT gmail DOT
com or on Twitter @TyTalksTV.